chore(deps): update dockerfile (major)

[renovate]

This PR contains the following updates:

Package	Type	Update	Change
debian	final	major	bookworm-20260421 → trixie-20260421
fedora	final	major	41 → 45
mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/sdk	stage	major	9.0 → 10.0

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[basti1302]

This is basically #226 minus the GH actions updates.

Copy pasting comments from that older renovate PR here:

This update makes the package tests fail reproducibly, and I think there are at least two different errors:

• https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-injector/actions/runs/21879190360/job/63157220715#step:5:557
• https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-injector/actions/runs/21851719609/job/63060038150#step:5:740

We should not update versions of fedora and debian, and stay with the matrix of supported OSes.

ℹ️ This PR is set to draft for the reason outlined above by Antoine, so it won't get merged accidentally. Closing it would likely result in Renovate recreating it.