Add data structure tests (62 new), fix README coin_change example

README.md

@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ print(dijkstra(graph, "s", "t"))
 **Dynamic programming — coin change:**
 
 ```python
-from algorithms.dynamic_programming import coin_change
+from algorithms.dynamic_programming import count
 
-# Minimum coins to make amount 29 using denominations [1, 5, 10, 25]
-print(coin_change([1, 5, 10, 25], 29))
-# 7   (25 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1)
+# Number of ways to make amount 10 using denominations [2, 5, 3, 6]
+print(count([2, 5, 3, 6], 10))
+# 5
 ```
 
 **Backtracking — generate permutations:**
@@ -172,6 +172,7 @@ All core data structures live in [`algorithms/data_structures/`](algorithms/data
 | Stack | `stack.py` | `ArrayStack`, `LinkedListStack` |
 | Trie | `trie.py` | `Trie` |
 | Union-Find | `union_find.py` | `Union` |
+| vEB Tree | `veb_tree.py` | `VEBTree` |
 
 ## Algorithms
 

algorithms/data_structures/avl_tree.py

@@ -121,6 +121,6 @@ def in_order_traverse(self):
             return result
 
         result.extend(self.node.left.in_order_traverse())
-        result.append(self.node.key)
+        result.append(self.node.val)
         result.extend(self.node.right.in_order_traverse())
         return result

tests/test_data_structures.py

@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+"""Tests for data structures in algorithms/data_structures."""
+
+import unittest
+
+from algorithms.data_structures.avl_tree import AvlTree
+from algorithms.data_structures.hash_table import HashTable, ResizableHashTable
+from algorithms.data_structures.red_black_tree import RBNode, RBTree
+from algorithms.data_structures.segment_tree import SegmentTree
+from algorithms.data_structures.separate_chaining_hash_table import (
+    SeparateChainingHashTable,
+)
+from algorithms.data_structures.trie import Trie
+from algorithms.data_structures.union_find import Union
+
+
+class TestRBTree(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _make_tree(self, values):
+        tree = RBTree()
+        for v in values:
+            tree.insert(RBNode(v, 1))
+        return tree
+
+    def test_insert_single(self):
+        tree = self._make_tree([5])
+        result = tree.inorder()
+        self.assertEqual(len(result), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(result[0]["val"], 5)
+
+    def test_insert_multiple_sorted(self):
+        values = [11, 2, 14, 1, 7, 15, 5, 8, 4]
+        tree = self._make_tree(values)
+        result = tree.inorder()
+        vals = [r["val"] for r in result]
+        self.assertEqual(vals, sorted(values))
+
+    def test_root_is_black(self):
+        tree = self._make_tree([10, 5, 15])
+        self.assertEqual(tree.root.color, 0)
+
+    def test_empty_tree(self):
+        tree = RBTree()
+        self.assertIsNone(tree.root)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.inorder(), [])
+
+    def test_insert_duplicates_order(self):
+        tree = self._make_tree([3, 1, 2])
+        result = tree.inorder()
+        vals = [r["val"] for r in result]
+        self.assertEqual(vals, [1, 2, 3])
+
+
+class TestAvlTree(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_insert_single(self):
+        tree = AvlTree()
+        tree.insert(10)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(tree.node)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.node.val, 10)
+
+    def test_insert_multiple_root_exists(self):
+        tree = AvlTree()
+        for v in [5, 3, 7, 1, 4]:
+            tree.insert(v)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(tree.node)
+
+    def test_balanced_after_insert(self):
+        tree = AvlTree()
+        for v in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]:
+            tree.insert(v)
+        # Tree should remain balanced; height should be <= log2(5)+1 ~ 3
+        self.assertLessEqual(tree.height, 3)
+
+    def test_empty_tree(self):
+        tree = AvlTree()
+        self.assertIsNone(tree.node)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.in_order_traverse(), [])
+
+    def test_in_order_traverse_populated(self):
+        tree = AvlTree()
+        for v in [5, 3, 7, 1, 4]:
+            tree.insert(v)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.in_order_traverse(), [1, 3, 4, 5, 7])
+
+    def test_insert_balance_factor(self):
+        tree = AvlTree()
+        for v in [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]:
+            tree.insert(v)
+        # After balancing, the balance factor should be within [-1, 1]
+        self.assertIn(tree.balance, [-1, 0, 1])
+
+
+class TestTrie(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_insert_and_search(self):
+        trie = Trie()
+        trie.insert("apple")
+        self.assertTrue(trie.search("apple"))
+
+    def test_search_missing(self):
+        trie = Trie()
+        trie.insert("apple")
+        self.assertFalse(trie.search("app"))
+
+    def test_starts_with(self):
+        trie = Trie()
+        trie.insert("apple")
+        self.assertTrue(trie.starts_with("app"))
+        self.assertFalse(trie.starts_with("apl"))
+
+    def test_empty_trie(self):
+        trie = Trie()
+        self.assertFalse(trie.search("anything"))
+        self.assertFalse(trie.starts_with("a"))
+
+    def test_multiple_words(self):
+        trie = Trie()
+        for w in ["cat", "car", "card", "care"]:
+            trie.insert(w)
+        self.assertTrue(trie.search("card"))
+        self.assertFalse(trie.search("ca"))
+        self.assertTrue(trie.starts_with("ca"))
+
+    def test_insert_single_char(self):
+        trie = Trie()
+        trie.insert("a")
+        self.assertTrue(trie.search("a"))
+        self.assertFalse(trie.search("b"))
+
+
+class TestUnionFind(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_add_and_root(self):
+        uf = Union()
+        uf.add(1)
+        self.assertEqual(uf.root(1), 1)
+
+    def test_unite_connects(self):
+        uf = Union()
+        uf.add(1)
+        uf.add(2)
+        uf.unite(1, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(uf.root(1), uf.root(2))
+
+    def test_not_connected(self):
+        uf = Union()
+        uf.add(1)
+        uf.add(2)
+        self.assertNotEqual(uf.root(1), uf.root(2))
+
+    def test_count_decrements_on_unite(self):
+        uf = Union()
+        uf.add(1)
+        uf.add(2)
+        uf.add(3)
+        self.assertEqual(uf.count, 3)
+        uf.unite(1, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(uf.count, 2)
+
+    def test_unite_same_element(self):
+        uf = Union()
+        uf.add(1)
+        uf.unite(1, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(uf.count, 1)
+
+    def test_transitive_connectivity(self):
+        uf = Union()
+        for x in [1, 2, 3]:
+            uf.add(x)
+        uf.unite(1, 2)
+        uf.unite(2, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(uf.root(1), uf.root(3))
+
+
+class TestSegmentTree(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_max_query(self):
+        tree = SegmentTree([2, 4, 5, 3, 4], max)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.query(2, 4), 5)
+
+    def test_sum_query(self):
+        tree = SegmentTree([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], lambda a, b: a + b)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.query(0, 4), 15)
+
+    def test_single_element_query(self):
+        tree = SegmentTree([7, 2, 9], max)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.query(0, 0), 7)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.query(2, 2), 9)
+
+    def test_full_range_max(self):
+        arr = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6]
+        tree = SegmentTree(arr, max)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.query(0, len(arr) - 1), 9)
+
+
+class TestHashTable(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_put_and_get(self):
+        ht = HashTable()
+        ht.put(1, "one")
+        self.assertEqual(ht.get(1), "one")
+
+    def test_get_missing(self):
+        ht = HashTable()
+        self.assertIsNone(ht.get(99))
+
+    def test_delete(self):
+        ht = HashTable()
+        ht.put(1, "one")
+        ht.del_(1)
+        self.assertIsNone(ht.get(1))
+
+    def test_update_existing(self):
+        ht = HashTable()
+        ht.put(1, "one")
+        ht.put(1, "ONE")
+        self.assertEqual(ht.get(1), "ONE")
+
+    def test_len(self):
+        ht = HashTable()
+        ht.put(1, "a")
+        ht.put(2, "b")
+        self.assertEqual(len(ht), 2)
+
+    def test_bracket_operators(self):
+        ht = HashTable()
+        ht[5] = "five"
+        self.assertEqual(ht[5], "five")
+        del ht[5]
+        self.assertIsNone(ht[5])
+
+
+class TestResizableHashTable(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_put_and_get(self):
+        ht = ResizableHashTable()
+        ht.put(1, "a")
+        self.assertEqual(ht.get(1), "a")
+
+    def test_resizes_automatically(self):
+        ht = ResizableHashTable()
+        for i in range(20):
+            ht.put(i, str(i))
+        for i in range(20):
+            self.assertEqual(ht.get(i), str(i))
+
+
+class TestSeparateChainingHashTable(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_put_and_get(self):
+        table = SeparateChainingHashTable()
+        table.put("hello", "world")
+        self.assertEqual(table.get("hello"), "world")
+
+    def test_get_missing(self):
+        table = SeparateChainingHashTable()
+        self.assertIsNone(table.get("missing"))
+
+    def test_delete(self):
+        table = SeparateChainingHashTable()
+        table.put("key", "value")
+        table.del_("key")
+        self.assertIsNone(table.get("key"))
+
+    def test_len(self):
+        table = SeparateChainingHashTable()
+        table.put("a", 1)
+        table.put("b", 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(table), 2)
+
+    def test_collision_handling(self):
+        # Force collision by using small table
+        table = SeparateChainingHashTable(size=1)
+        table.put("x", 10)
+        table.put("y", 20)
+        self.assertEqual(table.get("x"), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(table.get("y"), 20)
+
+    def test_bracket_operators(self):
+        table = SeparateChainingHashTable()
+        table["k"] = "v"
+        self.assertEqual(table["k"], "v")
+        del table["k"]
+        self.assertIsNone(table["k"])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()