Mandarin

A Geth for optimized so that

1. New txs + new blocks hit your bots in microseconds, not milliseconds+JSON.

2. Bots can read/write “intent” (orders, bundles, replacement txs) via shared memory / low-overhead IPC instead of JSON-RPC.

3. You control transaction ordering inside blocks you build or simulate.

Mandarin

Mandarin is a performance-optimized fork of Go Ethereum designed for low-latency trading operations and MEV workflows. Built on Geth's solid foundation, Mandarin adds specialized features for co-located trading engines while maintaining full compatibility with the Ethereum protocol.

Caution

EXPERIMENTAL SOFTWARE - USE AT YOUR OWN RISK

This software is highly experimental and contains sharp edges that can lead to loss of funds or incorrect trading decisions.

Warning

Critical Risks:

• Hot State Cache Risk: The sub-microsecond state cache bypasses normal state access patterns and operates on cached data that may become stale during chain reorganizations. While shadow mode validation is implemented, cache bugs could result in trading on incorrect state data, leading to failed transactions or unprofitable trades.

• Cache Invalidation: The hot cache makes aggressive assumptions about state consistency. During reorgs or if decoders contain bugs, you may read stale or incorrect contract state. Always validate critical state reads through canonical paths before executing high-value transactions.

• Bundle Simulation: Bundle simulation results are not guaranteed to match actual execution if network conditions, gas prices, or other transactions change between simulation and inclusion. Do not rely solely on simulation for financial decisions.

• Custom Ordering Strategies: Incorrect ordering strategy implementations can cause block building failures, consensus violations, or MEV extraction issues. Test thoroughly on testnets before production use.

• Production Use: This fork is intended for sophisticated operators who understand the Ethereum protocol deeply. Do not run this on mainnet with significant funds or as a public RPC endpoint without extensive testing and monitoring.

• No Warranty: This software is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind. The authors are not responsible for any financial losses incurred.

Tip

Recommended Approach: Test all features on Sepolia or Holesky testnets first. Use shadow mode for hot cache validation. Monitor logs carefully. Start with small amounts.

Key Enhancements

Bundle Support: Submit and simulate transaction bundles with microsecond-scale latency. Bundles support timestamp constraints, revertible transactions, and profit simulation.

Custom Transaction Ordering: Pluggable ordering strategies allow sophisticated block building beyond simple gas price sorting.

Low-Latency APIs: Binary gRPC endpoints alongside traditional JSON-RPC for 10x faster operations including batch storage reads and bundle simulation. gRPC is disabled by default and requires explicit flags (--grpc, --grpc.addr, --grpc.port) to enable.

Backward Compatible: All Geth features remain unchanged. Enhancements are opt-in and don't affect standard node operation.

For testnet deployment instructions, see SEPOLIA_TESTNET.md. For hot state cache configuration examples, see core/state/hotcache/example_configs/.

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Go Ethereum

Golang execution layer implementation of the Ethereum protocol.

Automated builds are available for stable releases and the unstable master branch. Binary archives are published at https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads/.

Building the source

For prerequisites and detailed build instructions please read the Installation Instructions.

Building geth requires both a Go (version 1.23 or later) and a C compiler. You can install them using your favourite package manager. Once the dependencies are installed, run

make geth

or, to build the full suite of utilities:

make all

Executables

The go-ethereum project comes with several wrappers/executables found in the cmd directory.

Command	Description
geth	Our main Ethereum CLI client. It is the entry point into the Ethereum network (main-, test- or private net), capable of running as a full node (default), archive node (retaining all historical state) or a light node (retrieving data live). It can be used by other processes as a gateway into the Ethereum network via JSON RPC endpoints exposed on top of HTTP, WebSocket and/or IPC transports. geth --help and the CLI page for command line options.
clef	Stand-alone signing tool, which can be used as a backend signer for geth.
devp2p	Utilities to interact with nodes on the networking layer, without running a full blockchain.
abigen	Source code generator to convert Ethereum contract definitions into easy-to-use, compile-time type-safe Go packages. It operates on plain Ethereum contract ABIs with expanded functionality if the contract bytecode is also available. However, it also accepts Solidity source files, making development much more streamlined. Please see our Native DApps page for details.
evm	Developer utility version of the EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) that is capable of running bytecode snippets within a configurable environment and execution mode. Its purpose is to allow isolated, fine-grained debugging of EVM opcodes (e.g. evm --code 60ff60ff --debug run).
rlpdump	Developer utility tool to convert binary RLP (Recursive Length Prefix) dumps (data encoding used by the Ethereum protocol both network as well as consensus wise) to user-friendlier hierarchical representation (e.g. rlpdump --hex CE0183FFFFFFC4C304050583616263).

Running geth

Going through all the possible command line flags is out of scope here (please consult our CLI Wiki page), but we've enumerated a few common parameter combos to get you up to speed quickly on how you can run your own geth instance.

Hardware Requirements

Minimum:

• CPU with 4+ cores
• 8GB RAM
• 1TB free storage space to sync the Mainnet
• 8 MBit/sec download Internet service

Recommended:

• Fast CPU with 8+ cores
• 16GB+ RAM
• High-performance SSD with at least 1TB of free space
• 25+ MBit/sec download Internet service

Full node on the main Ethereum network

By far the most common scenario is people wanting to simply interact with the Ethereum network: create accounts; transfer funds; deploy and interact with contracts. For this particular use case, the user doesn't care about years-old historical data, so we can sync quickly to the current state of the network. To do so:

$ geth console

This command will:

• Start geth in snap sync mode (default, can be changed with the --syncmode flag), causing it to download more data in exchange for avoiding processing the entire history of the Ethereum network, which is very CPU intensive.
• Start the built-in interactive JavaScript console, (via the trailing console subcommand) through which you can interact using web3 methods (note: the web3 version bundled within geth is very old, and not up to date with official docs), as well as geth's own management APIs. This tool is optional and if you leave it out you can always attach it to an already running geth instance with geth attach.

A Full node on the Holesky test network

Transitioning towards developers, if you'd like to play around with creating Ethereum contracts, you almost certainly would like to do that without any real money involved until you get the hang of the entire system. In other words, instead of attaching to the main network, you want to join the test network with your node, which is fully equivalent to the main network, but with play-Ether only.

$ geth --holesky console

The console subcommand has the same meaning as above and is equally useful on the testnet too.

Specifying the --holesky flag, however, will reconfigure your geth instance a bit:

• Instead of connecting to the main Ethereum network, the client will connect to the Holesky test network, which uses different P2P bootnodes, different network IDs and genesis states.
• Instead of using the default data directory (~/.ethereum on Linux for example), geth will nest itself one level deeper into a holesky subfolder (~/.ethereum/holesky on Linux). Note, on OSX and Linux this also means that attaching to a running testnet node requires the use of a custom endpoint since geth attach will try to attach to a production node endpoint by default, e.g., geth attach <datadir>/holesky/geth.ipc. Windows users are not affected by this.

Note: Although some internal protective measures prevent transactions from crossing over between the main network and test network, you should always use separate accounts for play and real money. Unless you manually move accounts, geth will by default correctly separate the two networks and will not make any accounts available between them.

Configuration

As an alternative to passing the numerous flags to the geth binary, you can also pass a configuration file via:

$ geth --config /path/to/your_config.toml

To get an idea of how the file should look like you can use the dumpconfig subcommand to export your existing configuration:

$ geth --your-favourite-flags dumpconfig

Docker quick start

One of the quickest ways to get Ethereum up and running on your machine is by using Docker:

docker run -d --name ethereum-node -v /Users/alice/ethereum:/root \
           -p 8545:8545 -p 30303:30303 \
           ethereum/client-go

This will start geth in snap-sync mode with a DB memory allowance of 1GB, as the above command does. It will also create a persistent volume in your home directory for saving your blockchain as well as map the default ports. There is also an alpine tag available for a slim version of the image.

Do not forget --http.addr 0.0.0.0, if you want to access RPC from other containers and/or hosts. By default, geth binds to the local interface and RPC endpoints are not accessible from the outside.

Programmatically interfacing geth nodes

As a developer, sooner rather than later you'll want to start interacting with geth and the Ethereum network via your own programs and not manually through the console. To aid this, geth has built-in support for a JSON-RPC based APIs (standard APIs and geth specific APIs). These can be exposed via HTTP, WebSockets and IPC (UNIX sockets on UNIX based platforms, and named pipes on Windows).

The IPC interface is enabled by default and exposes all the APIs supported by geth, whereas the HTTP and WS interfaces need to manually be enabled and only expose a subset of APIs due to security reasons. These can be turned on/off and configured as you'd expect.

HTTP based JSON-RPC API options:

• --http Enable the HTTP-RPC server
• --http.addr HTTP-RPC server listening interface (default: localhost)
• --http.port HTTP-RPC server listening port (default: 8545)
• --http.api API's offered over the HTTP-RPC interface (default: eth,net,web3)
• --http.corsdomain Comma separated list of domains from which to accept cross-origin requests (browser enforced)
• --ws Enable the WS-RPC server
• --ws.addr WS-RPC server listening interface (default: localhost)
• --ws.port WS-RPC server listening port (default: 8546)
• --ws.api API's offered over the WS-RPC interface (default: eth,net,web3)
• --ws.origins Origins from which to accept WebSocket requests
• --ipcdisable Disable the IPC-RPC server
• --ipcpath Filename for IPC socket/pipe within the datadir (explicit paths escape it)

You'll need to use your own programming environments' capabilities (libraries, tools, etc) to connect via HTTP, WS or IPC to a geth node configured with the above flags and you'll need to speak JSON-RPC on all transports. You can reuse the same connection for multiple requests!

Note: Please understand the security implications of opening up an HTTP/WS based transport before doing so! Hackers on the internet are actively trying to subvert Ethereum nodes with exposed APIs! Further, all browser tabs can access locally running web servers, so malicious web pages could try to subvert locally available APIs!

Operating a private network

Maintaining your own private network is more involved as a lot of configurations taken for granted in the official networks need to be manually set up.

Unfortunately since the Merge it is no longer possible to easily set up a network of geth nodes without also setting up a corresponding beacon chain.

There are three different solutions depending on your use case:

• If you are looking for a simple way to test smart contracts from go in your CI, you can use the Simulated Backend.
• If you want a convenient single node environment for testing, you can use our Dev Mode.
• If you are looking for a multiple node test network, you can set one up quite easily with Kurtosis.

Contribution

Thank you for considering helping out with the source code! We welcome contributions from anyone on the internet, and are grateful for even the smallest of fixes!

If you'd like to contribute to go-ethereum, please fork, fix, commit and send a pull request for the maintainers to review and merge into the main code base. If you wish to submit more complex changes though, please check up with the core devs first on our Discord Server to ensure those changes are in line with the general philosophy of the project and/or get some early feedback which can make both your efforts much lighter as well as our review and merge procedures quick and simple.

Please make sure your contributions adhere to our coding guidelines:

• Code must adhere to the official Go formatting guidelines (i.e. uses gofmt).
• Code must be documented adhering to the official Go commentary guidelines.
• Pull requests need to be based on and opened against the master branch.
• Commit messages should be prefixed with the package(s) they modify.
  • E.g. "eth, rpc: make trace configs optional"

Please see the Developers' Guide for more details on configuring your environment, managing project dependencies, and testing procedures.

Contributing to geth.ethereum.org

For contributions to the go-ethereum website, please checkout and raise pull requests against the website branch. For more detailed instructions please see the website branch README or the contributing page of the website.

License

The go-ethereum library (i.e. all code outside of the cmd directory) is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0, also included in our repository in the COPYING.LESSER file.

The go-ethereum binaries (i.e. all code inside of the cmd directory) are licensed under the GNU General Public License v3.0, also included in our repository in the COPYING file.