New: Gradual Typing

Author: wdv4758h

programming-language/theory-and-concepts/gradual-typing.rst

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+========================================
+Gradual Typing
+========================================
+
+
+.. contents:: 目錄
+
+
+介紹
+========================================
+
+Gradual Typing 為混合 Static Typing 和 Dynamic Typing 所形成的型別系統，
+部份變數會在編譯時期知道型別並檢查型別的正確性，
+部份變數則會保持不知道型別的狀態，
+直到執行時期才撿查型別錯誤。
+在許多實際案例上，Gradual Typing 為在原本的動態語言上加入靜態型別的選擇而成，
+在某些案例上則是語言在一開始的設計就選擇了 Gradual Typing。
+
+
+
+範例
+========================================
+
+Dynamically Typed -> Gradually Typed
+
+* TypeScript (改自 JavaScript)
+* Hack (改自 PHP)
+* Typed Racket (改自 Racket)
+* Typed Clojure (改自 Clojure)
+* Cython (改自 Python)
+
+
+Statically Typed -> Gradually Typed
+
+* C#
+
+
+Others
+
+* Dart
+* Dylan
+* Perl 6
+
+
+
+參考
+========================================
+
+* `Wikipedia - Gradual typing <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradual_typing>`_
+* `ECOOP 2016 - Gradual Type Systems <http://2016.ecoop.org/event/summer-school-gradual-type-system>`_
+* `ECOOP 2016 - 28 Years of Types for Untyped Languages: A Random Walk Thru TypeLand <http://2016.ecoop.org/event/summer-school-gradual-typing>`_
+* `POPL 2016 Papers <https://github.com/gasche/popl2016-papers>`_
+* `Lambda the Ultimate - Progress on Gradual Typing <http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/5292>`_
+* `A bibliography on Gradual Typing <https://github.com/samth/gradual-typing-bib>`_
+* [2015] `Towards Practical Gradual Typing <http://www.ccs.neu.edu/racket/pubs/ecoop2015-takikawa-et-al.pdf>`_
+* `What is Gradual Typing <http://homes.soic.indiana.edu/jsiek/what-is-gradual-typing/>`_
+
+
+Python
+
+* `PEP 483 -- The Theory of Type Hints <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0483/>`_
+* `Reticulated Python -  Types for Python <https://github.com/mvitousek/reticulated>`_