From fadafbafb1b38873074cfb0f77453c22e0551854 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Bennett <e.j.bennett@swansea.ac.uk>
Date: Sat, 28 Sep 2024 16:50:13 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 01/11] be able to add lines for all indices, not just visible
 ones [fix #59877]

- implement a new suffix for the `clines` option, `-invisible`, doubling the number of available options, specifying that hidden indices should be included when deciding whether to add \clines
- add tests for this behaviour
---
 pandas/io/formats/style_render.py             |  26 +++-
 .../tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py   | 113 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 134 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py b/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py
index 8a6383f7e8f82..a8defd599110f 100644
--- a/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py
+++ b/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py
@@ -930,12 +930,18 @@ def concatenated_visible_rows(obj):
             None,
             "all;data",
             "all;index",
+            "all-invisible;data",
+            "all-invisible;index",
             "skip-last;data",
             "skip-last;index",
+            "skip-last-invisible;data",
+            "skip-last-invisible;index",
         ]:
             raise ValueError(
                 f"`clines` value of {clines} is invalid. Should either be None or one "
-                f"of 'all;data', 'all;index', 'skip-last;data', 'skip-last;index'."
+                f"of 'all;data', 'all;index', 'all-invisible;data', "
+                f"'all-invisible;index', 'skip-last;data', 'skip-last;index', "
+                f"'skip-last-invisible;data', 'skip-last-invisible;index'."
             )
         if clines is not None:
             data_len = len(row_body_cells) if "data" in clines and d["body"] else 0
@@ -947,15 +953,25 @@ def concatenated_visible_rows(obj):
             visible_index_levels: list[int] = [
                 i for i in range(index_levels) if not self.hide_index_[i]
             ]
+            target_index_levels: list[int] = [
+                i for i in range(index_levels)
+                if "invisible" in clines or not self.hide_index_[i]
+            ]
             for rn, r in enumerate(visible_row_indexes):
-                for lvln, lvl in enumerate(visible_index_levels):
+                lvln = 0
+                for lvl in target_index_levels:
                     if lvl == index_levels - 1 and "skip-last" in clines:
                         continue
                     idx_len = d["index_lengths"].get((lvl, r), None)
                     if idx_len is not None:  # i.e. not a sparsified entry
-                        d["clines"][rn + idx_len].append(
-                            f"\\cline{{{lvln+1}-{len(visible_index_levels)+data_len}}}"
-                        )
+                        cline_start_col = lvln + 1
+                        cline_end_col = len(visible_index_levels) + data_len
+                        if cline_end_col >= cline_start_col:
+                            d["clines"][rn + idx_len].append(
+                                f"\\cline{{{cline_start_col}-{cline_end_col}}}"
+                            )
+                    if lvl in visible_index_levels:
+                        lvln += 1
 
     def format(
         self,
diff --git a/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py b/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py
index 1abe6238d3922..8c8c4b7968666 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py
@@ -896,8 +896,12 @@ def test_clines_validation(clines, styler):
     [
         ("all;index", "\n\\cline{1-1}"),
         ("all;data", "\n\\cline{1-2}"),
+        ("all-invisible;index", "\n\\cline{1-1}"),
+        ("all-invisible;data", "\n\\cline{1-2}"),
         ("skip-last;index", ""),
         ("skip-last;data", ""),
+        ("skip-last-invisible;index", ""),
+        ("skip-last-invisible;data", ""),
         (None, ""),
     ],
 )
@@ -984,6 +988,62 @@ def test_clines_index(clines, exp, env):
             """
             ),
         ),
+        (
+            "skip-last-invisible;index",
+            dedent(
+                """\
+            \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{A} & X & 1 \\\\
+             & Y & 2 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-2} \\cline{2-2}
+            \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{B} & X & 3 \\\\
+             & Y & 4 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-2} \\cline{2-2}
+            """
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            "skip-last-invisible;data",
+            dedent(
+                """\
+            \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{A} & X & 1 \\\\
+             & Y & 2 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-3} \\cline{2-3}
+            \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{B} & X & 3 \\\\
+             & Y & 4 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-3} \\cline{2-3}
+            """
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            "all-invisible;index",
+            dedent(
+                """\
+            \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{A} & X & 1 \\\\
+            \\cline{2-2}
+             & Y & 2 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-2} \\cline{2-2} \\cline{2-2}
+            \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{B} & X & 3 \\\\
+            \\cline{2-2}
+             & Y & 4 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-2} \\cline{2-2} \\cline{2-2}
+            """
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            "all-invisible;data",
+            dedent(
+                """\
+            \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{A} & X & 1 \\\\
+            \\cline{2-3}
+             & Y & 2 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-3} \\cline{2-3} \\cline{2-3}
+            \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{B} & X & 3 \\\\
+            \\cline{2-3}
+             & Y & 4 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-3} \\cline{2-3} \\cline{2-3}
+            """
+            ),
+        ),
     ],
 )
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("env", ["table"])
@@ -998,6 +1058,59 @@ def test_clines_multiindex(clines, expected, env):
     assert expected in result
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "clines, expected",
+    [
+        (None, "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
+        ("all;data", "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
+        ("all;index", "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
+        ("skip-last;data", "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
+        ("skip-last;index", "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
+        ("all-invisible;index", "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
+        ("skip-last-invisible;index", "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
+        (
+            "all-invisible;data",
+            dedent(
+                """\
+            1 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-1}
+            2 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-1} \\cline{1-1}
+            3 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-1}
+            4 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-1} \\cline{1-1}
+            """
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            "skip-last-invisible;data",
+            dedent(
+                """\
+            1 \\\\
+            2 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-1}
+            3 \\\\
+            4 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-1}
+            """
+            ),
+        ),
+    ]
+)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("env", ["table"])
+def test_clines_hiddenindex(clines, expected, env):
+    # Make sure that \clines are correctly hidden or shown with all indixes hideen
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_product([["A", "-", "B"], ["X", "Y"]])
+    df = DataFrame([[1], [2], [99], [99], [3], [4]], index=midx)
+    styler = df.style
+    styler.hide([("-", "X"), ("-", "Y")])
+    styler.hide(axis=0)
+    result = styler.to_latex(clines=clines, environment=env)
+    assert expected in result
+
+
+
 def test_col_format_len(styler):
     # gh 46037
     result = styler.to_latex(environment="longtable", column_format="lrr{10cm}")

From c3b4a542d476916b96fbdeeb3ba6e568f66c8ca4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Bennett <e.j.bennett@swansea.ac.uk>
Date: Sat, 28 Sep 2024 16:59:39 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 02/11] placate pre-commit

---
 pandas/io/formats/style_render.py              | 3 ++-
 pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py | 5 ++---
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py b/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py
index a8defd599110f..045317fd95253 100644
--- a/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py
+++ b/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py
@@ -954,7 +954,8 @@ def concatenated_visible_rows(obj):
                 i for i in range(index_levels) if not self.hide_index_[i]
             ]
             target_index_levels: list[int] = [
-                i for i in range(index_levels)
+                i
+                for i in range(index_levels)
                 if "invisible" in clines or not self.hide_index_[i]
             ]
             for rn, r in enumerate(visible_row_indexes):
diff --git a/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py b/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py
index 8c8c4b7968666..cbc1c879535d5 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py
@@ -1096,11 +1096,11 @@ def test_clines_multiindex(clines, expected, env):
             """
             ),
         ),
-    ]
+    ],
 )
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("env", ["table"])
 def test_clines_hiddenindex(clines, expected, env):
-    # Make sure that \clines are correctly hidden or shown with all indixes hideen
+    # Make sure that \clines are correctly hidden or shown with all indixes hidden
     midx = MultiIndex.from_product([["A", "-", "B"], ["X", "Y"]])
     df = DataFrame([[1], [2], [99], [99], [3], [4]], index=midx)
     styler = df.style
@@ -1110,7 +1110,6 @@ def test_clines_hiddenindex(clines, expected, env):
     assert expected in result
 
 
-
 def test_col_format_len(styler):
     # gh 46037
     result = styler.to_latex(environment="longtable", column_format="lrr{10cm}")

From a90eba74c358b49e00f4d698188ab888441755d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Bennett <e.j.bennett@swansea.ac.uk>
Date: Sat, 28 Sep 2024 20:54:38 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 03/11] document changes to cline options

---
 doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst |  1 +
 pandas/io/formats/style.py     | 18 ++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst b/doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst
index 41ba80989a0ce..e4b9ec82322f8 100644
--- a/doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst
+++ b/doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ Other enhancements
 - Support passing a :class:`Iterable[Hashable]` input to :meth:`DataFrame.drop_duplicates` (:issue:`59237`)
 - Support reading Stata 102-format (Stata 1) dta files (:issue:`58978`)
 - Support reading Stata 110-format (Stata 7) dta files (:issue:`47176`)
+- :meth:`Styler.to_latex` accepts additional options to the ``clines`` parameter, allowing lines to be drawn between hidden index levels.
 
 .. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 .. _whatsnew_300.notable_bug_fixes:
diff --git a/pandas/io/formats/style.py b/pandas/io/formats/style.py
index 6e5ae09485951..a1c8856b1c5dc 100644
--- a/pandas/io/formats/style.py
+++ b/pandas/io/formats/style.py
@@ -716,15 +716,25 @@ def to_latex(
             Possible values are:
 
               - `None`: no cline commands are added (default).
-              - `"all;data"`: a cline is added for every index value extending the
-                width of the table, including data entries.
+              - `"all;data"`: a cline is added for every visible index value extending
+                the width of the table, including data entries.
               - `"all;index"`: as above with lines extending only the width of the
                 index entries.
-              - `"skip-last;data"`: a cline is added for each index value except the
-                last level (which is never sparsified), extending the widtn of the
+              - `"all-invisible;data"`: a cline is added for every index value,
+                including hidden indexes, extending the full width of the table,
+                including data entries.
+              - `"all-invisible;index"`: as above with lines extending only the width
+                of the index entries.
+              - `"skip-last;data"`: a cline is added for each visible index value except
+                the last level (which is never sparsified), extending the widtn of the
                 table.
               - `"skip-last;index"`: as above with lines extending only the width of the
                 index entries.
+              - `"skip-last-invisible;data"`: a cline is added for each index value,
+                including hidden index levels, but excluding the last (which is never
+                sparsified), extending the width of the table.
+              - `"skip-last-invisible;index"`: as above with lines extending only the
+                width of the index entries.
 
             .. versionadded:: 1.4.0
         label : str, optional

From e671c3be8ec08262bca45b718d8a15fae73afe5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Bennett <e.j.bennett@swansea.ac.uk>
Date: Thu, 3 Oct 2024 10:11:10 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 04/11] add versionchanged to documentation for modified cline
 functionality

---
 pandas/io/formats/style.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/pandas/io/formats/style.py b/pandas/io/formats/style.py
index a1c8856b1c5dc..c00acbc092be9 100644
--- a/pandas/io/formats/style.py
+++ b/pandas/io/formats/style.py
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@ def to_latex(
               - `"skip-last-invisible;index"`: as above with lines extending only the
                 width of the index entries.
 
-            .. versionadded:: 1.4.0
+            .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0
         label : str, optional
             The LaTeX label included as: \\label{<label>}.
             This is used with \\ref{<label>} in the main .tex file.

From 0b703cd655b96406e9005d5f6bbd2d696e748219 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Bennett <e.j.bennett@swansea.ac.uk>
Date: Tue, 17 Dec 2024 20:40:03 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 05/11] eliminate redundant pytest parametrize

---
 pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py b/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py
index cbc1c879535d5..7581a9eaf0cfe 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py
@@ -1098,15 +1098,14 @@ def test_clines_multiindex(clines, expected, env):
         ),
     ],
 )
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("env", ["table"])
-def test_clines_hiddenindex(clines, expected, env):
+def test_clines_hiddenindex(clines, expected):
     # Make sure that \clines are correctly hidden or shown with all indixes hidden
     midx = MultiIndex.from_product([["A", "-", "B"], ["X", "Y"]])
     df = DataFrame([[1], [2], [99], [99], [3], [4]], index=midx)
     styler = df.style
     styler.hide([("-", "X"), ("-", "Y")])
     styler.hide(axis=0)
-    result = styler.to_latex(clines=clines, environment=env)
+    result = styler.to_latex(clines=clines, environment="table")
     assert expected in result
 
 

From 9022f54c07465d05d185a26ca5f5e04d9992a039 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Bennett <e.j.bennett@swansea.ac.uk>
Date: Tue, 17 Dec 2024 20:51:00 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 06/11] avoid materialising list unnecessarily

---
 pandas/io/formats/style_render.py | 9 +++------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py b/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py
index bef661e2574d6..26ca8726e52f4 100644
--- a/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py
+++ b/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py
@@ -956,14 +956,11 @@ def concatenated_visible_rows(obj):
             visible_index_levels: list[int] = [
                 i for i in range(index_levels) if not self.hide_index_[i]
             ]
-            target_index_levels: list[int] = [
-                i
-                for i in range(index_levels)
-                if "invisible" in clines or not self.hide_index_[i]
-            ]
             for rn, r in enumerate(visible_row_indexes):
                 lvln = 0
-                for lvl in target_index_levels:
+                for lvl in range(index_levels):
+                    if self.hide_index_[lvl] and "invisible" not in clines:
+                        continue
                     if lvl == index_levels - 1 and "skip-last" in clines:
                         continue
                     idx_len = d["index_lengths"].get((lvl, r), None)

From b968ef692f50c157d6b90d7505a09b3301a4050a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Bennett <e.j.bennett@swansea.ac.uk>
Date: Sat, 4 Jan 2025 01:06:45 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 07/11] change single string parameter into tuple of strings

deprecate passing the single string parameter
convert the single string parameter to the new tuple format in the interim
---
 pandas/io/formats/style.py                    |  36 ++---
 pandas/io/formats/style_render.py             |  65 ++++++---
 .../tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py   | 133 +++++++++++++++---
 3 files changed, 179 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/pandas/io/formats/style.py b/pandas/io/formats/style.py
index ba0fe84ae14d3..4b3720809f544 100644
--- a/pandas/io/formats/style.py
+++ b/pandas/io/formats/style.py
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ def to_latex(
         position: str | None = ...,
         position_float: str | None = ...,
         hrules: bool | None = ...,
-        clines: str | None = ...,
+        clines: str | tuple | None = ...,
         label: str | None = ...,
         caption: str | tuple | None = ...,
         sparse_index: bool | None = ...,
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ def to_latex(
         position: str | None = ...,
         position_float: str | None = ...,
         hrules: bool | None = ...,
-        clines: str | None = ...,
+        clines: str | tuple | None = ...,
         label: str | None = ...,
         caption: str | tuple | None = ...,
         sparse_index: bool | None = ...,
@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ def to_latex(
         position: str | None = None,
         position_float: str | None = None,
         hrules: bool | None = None,
-        clines: str | None = None,
+        clines: str | tuple | None = None,
         label: str | None = None,
         caption: str | tuple | None = None,
         sparse_index: bool | None = None,
@@ -712,32 +712,36 @@ def to_latex(
             Defaults to ``pandas.options.styler.latex.hrules``, which is `False`.
 
             .. versionchanged:: 1.4.0
-        clines : str, optional
+        clines : str, tuple, optional
             Use to control adding \\cline commands for the index labels separation.
-            Possible values are:
+            If `None`, then no cline commands are added (default).
+
+            If a tuple is passed, the following elements are recognised:
+              - `"rule-data"`: if present, clines are added for both the index and data.
+                Otherwise, they are only drawn for the index.
+              - `"skip-last"`: if present, the last index level is omitted when deciding
+                where to add clines. Otherwise, all index levels are used.
+              - `"include-hidden"`: if present, hidden index levels are included when
+                deciding where to add clines. Otherwise, only visible index levels are
+                used.
+
+            If a str is passed, possible values are:
 
               - `None`: no cline commands are added (default).
               - `"all;data"`: a cline is added for every visible index value extending
                 the width of the table, including data entries.
               - `"all;index"`: as above with lines extending only the width of the
                 index entries.
-              - `"all-invisible;data"`: a cline is added for every index value,
-                including hidden indexes, extending the full width of the table,
-                including data entries.
-              - `"all-invisible;index"`: as above with lines extending only the width
-                of the index entries.
               - `"skip-last;data"`: a cline is added for each visible index value except
                 the last level (which is never sparsified), extending the widtn of the
                 table.
               - `"skip-last;index"`: as above with lines extending only the width of the
                 index entries.
-              - `"skip-last-invisible;data"`: a cline is added for each index value,
-                including hidden index levels, but excluding the last (which is never
-                sparsified), extending the width of the table.
-              - `"skip-last-invisible;index"`: as above with lines extending only the
-                width of the index entries.
 
             .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0
+            .. deprecated:: 3.0.0
+                Passing a str is deprecated and will be removed in a future version,
+                please use a tuple instead.
         label : str, optional
             The LaTeX label included as: \\label{<label>}.
             This is used with \\ref{<label>} in the main .tex file.
@@ -1090,7 +1094,7 @@ def to_latex(
 
         >>> styler.to_latex(
         ...     caption="Selected stock correlation and simple statistics.",
-        ...     clines="skip-last;data",
+        ...     clines=("skip-last", "across-data"),
         ...     convert_css=True,
         ...     position_float="centering",
         ...     multicol_align="|c|",
diff --git a/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py b/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py
index 26ca8726e52f4..31d499877d8fd 100644
--- a/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py
+++ b/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
     Union,
 )
 from uuid import uuid4
+import warnings
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@
 
 from pandas._libs import lib
 from pandas.compat._optional import import_optional_dependency
+from pandas.util._exceptions import find_stack_level
 
 from pandas.core.dtypes.common import (
     is_complex,
@@ -218,7 +220,11 @@ def _render_html(
         )
 
     def _render_latex(
-        self, sparse_index: bool, sparse_columns: bool, clines: str | None, **kwargs
+        self,
+        sparse_index: bool,
+        sparse_columns: bool,
+        clines: str | tuple | None,
+        **kwargs,
     ) -> str:
         """
         Render a Styler in latex format
@@ -857,7 +863,33 @@ def _generate_body_row(
 
         return index_headers + data
 
-    def _translate_latex(self, d: dict, clines: str | None) -> None:
+    def _convert_clines_to_tuple(self, clines: str | tuple | None) -> tuple | None:
+        if not isinstance(clines, str):
+            return clines
+
+        msg = (
+            "Passing a string argument to the clines parameter is deprecated and will "
+            "be removed in a future version, please use a tuple instead, "
+            "e.g. ('rule-data', 'skip-last') instead of 'skip-last;data'."
+        )
+        warnings.warn(msg, FutureWarning, stacklevel=find_stack_level())
+
+        if clines not in ["all;data", "all;index", "skip-last;data", "skip-last;index"]:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"`clines` value of {clines} is invalid. Should either be None, "
+                "a tuple, or one of 'all;data', 'all;index', 'skip-last;data', "
+                "'skip-last;index'."
+            )
+
+        result = ()
+        if "data" in clines:
+            result += ("rule-data",)
+        if "skip-last" in clines:
+            result += ("skip-last",)
+
+        return result
+
+    def _translate_latex(self, d: dict, clines: str | tuple | None) -> None:
         r"""
         Post-process the default render dict for the LaTeX template format.
 
@@ -867,6 +899,7 @@ def _translate_latex(self, d: dict, clines: str | None) -> None:
           - Remove hidden indexes or reinsert missing th elements if part of multiindex
             or multirow sparsification (so that \multirow and \multicol work correctly).
         """
+        clines = self._convert_clines_to_tuple(clines)
         index_levels = self.index.nlevels
         # GH 52218
         visible_index_level_n = max(1, index_levels - sum(self.hide_index_))
@@ -929,25 +962,15 @@ def concatenated_visible_rows(obj):
 
         # clines are determined from info on index_lengths and hidden_rows and input
         # to a dict defining which row clines should be added in the template.
-        if clines not in [
-            None,
-            "all;data",
-            "all;index",
-            "all-invisible;data",
-            "all-invisible;index",
-            "skip-last;data",
-            "skip-last;index",
-            "skip-last-invisible;data",
-            "skip-last-invisible;index",
-        ]:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"`clines` value of {clines} is invalid. Should either be None or one "
-                f"of 'all;data', 'all;index', 'all-invisible;data', "
-                f"'all-invisible;index', 'skip-last;data', 'skip-last;index', "
-                f"'skip-last-invisible;data', 'skip-last-invisible;index'."
-            )
         if clines is not None:
-            data_len = len(row_body_cells) if "data" in clines and d["body"] else 0
+            valid_clines_options = ["skip-last", "rule-data", "include-hidden"]
+            for option in clines:
+                if option not in valid_clines_options:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"`clines` option of {option} is invalid. "
+                        f"Choose one of {valid_clines_options}"
+                    )
+            data_len = len(row_body_cells) if "rule-data" in clines and d["body"] else 0
 
             d["clines"] = defaultdict(list)
             visible_row_indexes: list[int] = [
@@ -959,7 +982,7 @@ def concatenated_visible_rows(obj):
             for rn, r in enumerate(visible_row_indexes):
                 lvln = 0
                 for lvl in range(index_levels):
-                    if self.hide_index_[lvl] and "invisible" not in clines:
+                    if self.hide_index_[lvl] and "include-hidden" not in clines:
                         continue
                     if lvl == index_levels - 1 and "skip-last" in clines:
                         continue
diff --git a/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py b/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py
index 7581a9eaf0cfe..96bb058d0234d 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
     DataFrame,
     MultiIndex,
     Series,
+    _testing as tm,
     option_context,
 )
 
@@ -887,8 +888,17 @@ def test_apply_index_hidden_levels():
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("clines", ["bad", "index", "skip-last", "all", "data"])
 def test_clines_validation(clines, styler):
     msg = f"`clines` value of {clines} is invalid."
+    warning_msg = "Passing a string argument to the clines parameter is deprecated."
+    with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning, match=warning_msg):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+            styler.to_latex(clines=clines)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("clines", ["bad", "index", "data", "all"])
+def test_clines_validation_tuple(clines, styler):
+    msg = f"`clines` option of {clines} is invalid."
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
-        styler.to_latex(clines=clines)
+        styler.to_latex(clines=("rule-data", clines))
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -896,19 +906,29 @@ def test_clines_validation(clines, styler):
     [
         ("all;index", "\n\\cline{1-1}"),
         ("all;data", "\n\\cline{1-2}"),
-        ("all-invisible;index", "\n\\cline{1-1}"),
-        ("all-invisible;data", "\n\\cline{1-2}"),
         ("skip-last;index", ""),
         ("skip-last;data", ""),
-        ("skip-last-invisible;index", ""),
-        ("skip-last-invisible;data", ""),
+        ((), "\n\\cline{1-1}"),
+        (("rule-data",), "\n\\cline{1-2}"),
+        (("include-hidden",), "\n\\cline{1-1}"),
+        (("include-hidden", "rule-data"), "\n\\cline{1-2}"),
+        (("skip-last",), ""),
+        (("skip-last", "rule-data"), ""),
+        (("skip-last", "include-hidden"), ""),
+        (("skip-last", "include-hidden", "rule-data"), ""),
         (None, ""),
     ],
 )
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("env", ["table", "longtable"])
 def test_clines_index(clines, exp, env):
     df = DataFrame([[1], [2], [3], [4]])
-    result = df.style.to_latex(clines=clines, environment=env)
+
+    warn = None
+    if isinstance(clines, str):
+        warn = FutureWarning
+    msg = "Passing a string argument to the clines parameter is deprecated."
+    with tm.assert_produces_warning(warn, match=msg):
+        result = df.style.to_latex(clines=clines, environment=env)
     expected = f"""\
 0 & 1 \\\\{exp}
 1 & 2 \\\\{exp}
@@ -989,20 +1009,76 @@ def test_clines_index(clines, exp, env):
             ),
         ),
         (
-            "skip-last-invisible;index",
+            ("skip-last",),
+            dedent(
+                """\
+            \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{A} & X & 1 \\\\
+             & Y & 2 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-2}
+            \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{B} & X & 3 \\\\
+             & Y & 4 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-2}
+            """
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            ("skip-last", "rule-data"),
             dedent(
                 """\
             \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{A} & X & 1 \\\\
              & Y & 2 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-3}
+            \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{B} & X & 3 \\\\
+             & Y & 4 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-3}
+            """
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            (),
+            dedent(
+                """\
+            \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{A} & X & 1 \\\\
+            \\cline{2-2}
+             & Y & 2 \\\\
             \\cline{1-2} \\cline{2-2}
             \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{B} & X & 3 \\\\
+            \\cline{2-2}
              & Y & 4 \\\\
             \\cline{1-2} \\cline{2-2}
             """
             ),
         ),
         (
-            "skip-last-invisible;data",
+            ("rule-data",),
+            dedent(
+                """\
+            \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{A} & X & 1 \\\\
+            \\cline{2-3}
+             & Y & 2 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-3} \\cline{2-3}
+            \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{B} & X & 3 \\\\
+            \\cline{2-3}
+             & Y & 4 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-3} \\cline{2-3}
+            """
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            ("skip-last", "include-hidden"),
+            dedent(
+                """\
+            \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{A} & X & 1 \\\\
+             & Y & 2 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-2} \\cline{2-2}
+            \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{B} & X & 3 \\\\
+             & Y & 4 \\\\
+            \\cline{1-2} \\cline{2-2}
+            """
+            ),
+        ),
+        (
+            ("skip-last", "include-hidden", "rule-data"),
             dedent(
                 """\
             \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{A} & X & 1 \\\\
@@ -1015,7 +1091,7 @@ def test_clines_index(clines, exp, env):
             ),
         ),
         (
-            "all-invisible;index",
+            ("include-hidden",),
             dedent(
                 """\
             \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{A} & X & 1 \\\\
@@ -1030,7 +1106,7 @@ def test_clines_index(clines, exp, env):
             ),
         ),
         (
-            "all-invisible;data",
+            ("include-hidden", "rule-data"),
             dedent(
                 """\
             \\multirow[c]{2}{*}{A} & X & 1 \\\\
@@ -1054,7 +1130,13 @@ def test_clines_multiindex(clines, expected, env):
     styler = df.style
     styler.hide([("-", 0, "X"), ("-", 0, "Y")])
     styler.hide(level=1)
-    result = styler.to_latex(clines=clines, environment=env)
+
+    warn = None
+    if isinstance(clines, str):
+        warn = FutureWarning
+    msg = "Passing a string argument to the clines parameter is deprecated."
+    with tm.assert_produces_warning(warn, match=msg):
+        result = styler.to_latex(clines=clines, environment=env)
     assert expected in result
 
 
@@ -1066,10 +1148,14 @@ def test_clines_multiindex(clines, expected, env):
         ("all;index", "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
         ("skip-last;data", "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
         ("skip-last;index", "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
-        ("all-invisible;index", "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
-        ("skip-last-invisible;index", "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
+        (("rule-data",), "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
+        ((), "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
+        (("skip-last", "rule-data"), "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
+        (("skip-last",), "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
+        (("include-hidden",), "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
+        (("skip-last", "include-hidden"), "1 \\\\\n2 \\\\\n3 \\\\\n4 \\\\\n"),
         (
-            "all-invisible;data",
+            ("include-hidden", "rule-data"),
             dedent(
                 """\
             1 \\\\
@@ -1084,7 +1170,7 @@ def test_clines_multiindex(clines, expected, env):
             ),
         ),
         (
-            "skip-last-invisible;data",
+            ("skip-last", "include-hidden", "rule-data"),
             dedent(
                 """\
             1 \\\\
@@ -1105,7 +1191,13 @@ def test_clines_hiddenindex(clines, expected):
     styler = df.style
     styler.hide([("-", "X"), ("-", "Y")])
     styler.hide(axis=0)
-    result = styler.to_latex(clines=clines, environment="table")
+
+    warn = None
+    if isinstance(clines, str):
+        warn = FutureWarning
+    msg = "Passing a string argument to the clines parameter is deprecated."
+    with tm.assert_produces_warning(warn, match=msg):
+        result = styler.to_latex(clines=clines, environment="table")
     assert expected in result
 
 
@@ -1196,10 +1288,15 @@ def test_concat_chain():
     ],
 )
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "clines", [None, "all;data", "all;index", "skip-last;data", "skip-last;index"]
+    "clines", [None, (), ("rule-data",), ("skip-last",), ("include-hidden",)]
 )
 def test_empty_clines(columns, expected: str, clines: str):
     # GH 47203
     df = DataFrame(columns=columns)
-    result = df.style.to_latex(clines=clines)
+    warn = None
+    if isinstance(clines, str):
+        warn = FutureWarning
+    msg = "Passing a string argument to the clines parameter is deprecated."
+    with tm.assert_produces_warning(warn, match=msg):
+        result = df.style.to_latex(clines=clines)
     assert result == expected

From 6ca1a252ce1092bdaa74c04714ed4b450ae69806 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Bennett <e.j.bennett@swansea.ac.uk>
Date: Sun, 5 Jan 2025 00:00:22 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 08/11] document change to to_latex clines parameter

---
 doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst b/doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst
index 39473ab8582ba..2a588316cb7aa 100644
--- a/doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst
+++ b/doc/source/whatsnew/v3.0.0.rst
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ Other enhancements
 - Support passing a :class:`Iterable[Hashable]` input to :meth:`DataFrame.drop_duplicates` (:issue:`59237`)
 - Support reading Stata 102-format (Stata 1) dta files (:issue:`58978`)
 - Support reading Stata 110-format (Stata 7) dta files (:issue:`47176`)
+- The ``clines`` parameter to :meth:`Styler.to_latex` now accepts a tuple of option strings. The previous interface of passing a single string for multiple options is deprecated.
 - :meth:`Styler.to_latex` accepts additional options to the ``clines`` parameter, allowing lines to be drawn between hidden index levels.
 
 .. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

From ff065f80d3124028911c4316f623cd24b5abd384 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Bennett <e.j.bennett@swansea.ac.uk>
Date: Sun, 5 Jan 2025 00:00:51 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 09/11] remove unnecessary deprecation guard where no
 deprecated cases are expected

---
 pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py | 7 +------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py b/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py
index 96bb058d0234d..f6a167855ddcb 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/io/formats/style/test_to_latex.py
@@ -1293,10 +1293,5 @@ def test_concat_chain():
 def test_empty_clines(columns, expected: str, clines: str):
     # GH 47203
     df = DataFrame(columns=columns)
-    warn = None
-    if isinstance(clines, str):
-        warn = FutureWarning
-    msg = "Passing a string argument to the clines parameter is deprecated."
-    with tm.assert_produces_warning(warn, match=msg):
-        result = df.style.to_latex(clines=clines)
+    result = df.style.to_latex(clines=clines)
     assert result == expected

From e2d4718db62de3a7f475ad23bc67cc94fcc84931 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Bennett <e.j.bennett@swansea.ac.uk>
Date: Sun, 5 Jan 2025 01:05:36 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 10/11] placate mypy

---
 pandas/io/formats/style_render.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py b/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py
index 31d499877d8fd..e55ac3bb8d92b 100644
--- a/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py
+++ b/pandas/io/formats/style_render.py
@@ -881,7 +881,7 @@ def _convert_clines_to_tuple(self, clines: str | tuple | None) -> tuple | None:
                 "'skip-last;index'."
             )
 
-        result = ()
+        result: tuple[str, ...] = ()
         if "data" in clines:
             result += ("rule-data",)
         if "skip-last" in clines:

From 161998ba3fb8726ca5a88c83058e7ab24bff3190 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ed Bennett <e.j.bennett@swansea.ac.uk>
Date: Mon, 6 Jan 2025 00:18:33 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 11/11] avoid using deprecated convention for clines when
 calling internally

---
 pandas/core/generic.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/pandas/core/generic.py b/pandas/core/generic.py
index de7fb3682fb4f..a7fbb56133ee5 100644
--- a/pandas/core/generic.py
+++ b/pandas/core/generic.py
@@ -3582,7 +3582,7 @@ def _wrap(x, alt_format_):
             "label": label,
             "position": position,
             "column_format": column_format,
-            "clines": "skip-last;data"
+            "clines": ("skip-last", "rule-data")
             if (multirow and isinstance(self.index, MultiIndex))
             else None,
             "bold_rows": bold_rows,