Bump to Go 1.24

[sbueringer]

Once Kubernetes bumped to Go 1.24 we should also bump to Go 1.24 in Cluster API.

Tasks:

• Check if there is anything new in Go 1.24 that we have to adapt to
  • Take a look at What's coming in Go 1.24
  • clusterctl: make clusterctl be available via go install #11466 (comment) (cmd/go: stamp the pseudo-version in builds generated by go build golang/go#50603)
• Bump to Go 1.24 on main (this is done as part of the controller-runtime bump)
• Bump to Go 1.24 on release branches (this is done once k/k bumps on release branches)

k/k issue for Go 1.23:

• Dependency update - Golang 1.23 kubernetes/release#3650

[sbueringer]

/area release
/triage accepted
/priority important-longterm