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Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: 1-js/01-getting-started/2-manuals-specifications/article.md
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# Manuály a specifikace
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Tato kniha je *tutoriál*, jehož cílem je pomoci vám postupně se naučit jazyk. Až ovšem budete znát základy, budete potřebovat i jiné zdroje.
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This book is a *tutorial*. It aims to help you gradually learn the language. But once you're familiar with the basics, you'll need other resources.
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## Specifikace
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[Specifikace ECMA-262](https://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm) obsahuje nejhlubší, nejpodrobnější a nejformalizovanější informace o JavaScriptu. Ta definuje tento jazyk.
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Avšak právě kvůli této vysoké formálnosti je obtížné jí na první pohled porozumět. Potřebujete-li tedy co nejdůvěryhodnější zdroj informací o detailech JavaScriptu, tato specifikace je správné místo. Ke každodennímu použití se však nehodí.
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Každý rok se vydává nová verze specifikace. Poslední návrh nového vydání specifikace najdete na <https://tc39.es/ecma262/>.
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A new specification version is released every year. Between these releases, the latest specification draft is at <https://tc39.es/ecma262/>.
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Chcete-li si přečíst o zbrusu nových vlastnostech, včetně těch, které jsou „téměř standardem“ (tzv. „3. stadium“), viz propozice na <https://github.com/tc39/proposals>.
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-**MDN (Mozilla) JavaScript Reference** je manuál s příklady a dalšími informacemi. Výborně poslouží pro získání podrobných informací o jednotlivých funkcích jazyka, metodách atd.
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Lze jej najít na <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference>.
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Často je však nejlepší použít obyčejné internetové vyhledávání. Do dotazu jednoduše napište „MDN [pojem]“, např. pro vyhledávání funkce `parseInt` zadejte <https://google.com/search?q=MDN+parseInt>.
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-**MSDN** – Manuál od Microsoftu s mnoha informacemi včetně těch o JavaScriptu (v IE se mu říká JScript). Potřebujete-li něco specifického ohledně Internet Exploreru, je lepší zavítat na: <http://msdn.microsoft.com/>.
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You can find it at <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference>.
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Although, it's often best to use an internet search instead. Just use "MDN [term]" in the query, e.g. <https://google.com/search?q=MDN+parseInt> to search for the `parseInt` function.
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Můžete také použít internetové vyhledávání s frázemi jako „RegExp MSDN“ nebo „RegExp MSDN jscript“.
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## Tabulky kompatibility
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JavaScript je neustále vyvíjen a pravidelně se do něj přidávají nové vlastnosti.
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Chcete-li vědět, v jakých enginech jsou tyto vlastnosti už podporovány, podívejte se na:
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-<https://caniuse.com> - pro každou vlastnost obsahuje tabulku enginů, které ji podporují, např. chcete-li vidět, které enginy podporují moderní kryptografické funkce, jděte na <http://caniuse.com/#feat=cryptography>.
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-<httpss://kangax.github.io/compat-table> - tabulka vlastností jazyka a enginů, které je podporují nebo nepodporují.
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Všechny tyto zdroje se vám budou při vývoji hodit, jelikož obsahují cenné informace o detailech jazyka, jejich podpoře apod.
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-<https://caniuse.com> - per-feature tables of support, e.g. to see which engines support modern cryptography functions: <https://caniuse.com/#feat=cryptography>.
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-<https://kangax.github.io/compat-table> - a table with language features and engines that support those or don't support.
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All these resources are useful in real-life development, as they contain valuable information about language details, their support, etc.
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Pamatujte si je (nebo tuto stránku) pro případ, že byste potřebovali podrobné informace o určité vlastnosti.
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## BigInt [#bigint-type]
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Typ „číslo“ v JavaScriptu nedokáže reprezentovat celočíselné hodnoty větší než <code>(2<sup>53</sup>-1)</code> (což je `9007199254740991`), nebo záporné hodnoty nižší než <code>-(-2<sup>53</sup>-1)</code>. Toto technické omezení je dáno jeho vnitřní reprezentací.
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Pro většinu účelů to stačí, ale někdy potřebujeme opravdu velká čísla, např. pro kryptografii nebo časová razítka s přesností na mikrosekundy.
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In JavaScript, the "number" type cannot safely represent integer values larger than <code>(2<sup>53</sup>-1)</code> (that's `9007199254740991`), or less than <code>-(2<sup>53</sup>-1)</code> for negatives.
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To be really precise, the "number" type can store larger integers (up to <code>1.7976931348623157 * 10<sup>308</sup></code>), but outside of the safe integer range <code>±(2<sup>53</sup>-1)</code> there'll be a precision error, because not all digits fit into the fixed 64-bit storage. So an "approximate" value may be stored.
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For example, these two numbers (right above the safe range) are the same:
So to say, all odd integers greater than <code>(2<sup>53</sup>-1)</code> can't be stored at all in the "number" type.
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For most purposes <code>±(2<sup>53</sup>-1)</code> range is quite enough, but sometimes we need the entire range of really big integers, e.g. for cryptography or microsecond-precision timestamps.
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Proto byl do jazyka nedávno přidán typ `BigInt`, který představuje celá čísla libovolné délky.
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In modern JavaScript, there are two types of numbers:
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1. Regular numbers in JavaScript are stored in 64-bit format [IEEE-754](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754-2008_revision), also known as "double precision floating point numbers". These are numbers that we're using most of the time, and we'll talk about them in this chapter.
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1. Regular numbers in JavaScript are stored in 64-bit format [IEEE-754](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754), also known as "double precision floating point numbers". These are numbers that we're using most of the time, and we'll talk about them in this chapter.
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2. BigInt numbers represent integers of arbitrary length. They are sometimes needed because a regular number can't safely exceed <code>2<sup>53</sup></code> or be less than <code>-2<sup>53</sup></code>. As bigints are used in few special areas, we devote them a special chapter <info:bigint>.
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2. BigInt numbers represent integers of arbitrary length. They are sometimes needed because a regular integer number can't safely exceed <code>(2<sup>53</sup>-1)</code> or be less than <code>-(2<sup>53</sup>-1)</code>, as we mentioned earlier in the chapter <info:types>. As bigints are used in few special areas, we devote them a special chapter <info:bigint>.
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So here we'll talk about regular numbers. Let's expand our knowledge of them.
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## Imprecise calculations
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Internally, a number is represented in 64-bit format [IEEE-754](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754-2008_revision), so there are exactly 64 bits to store a number: 52 of them are used to store the digits, 11 of them store the position of the decimal point (they are zero for integer numbers), and 1 bit is for the sign.
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Internally, a number is represented in 64-bit format [IEEE-754](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754), so there are exactly 64 bits to store a number: 52 of them are used to store the digits, 11 of them store the position of the decimal point, and 1 bit is for the sign.
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If a number is really huge, it may overflow the 64-bit storage and become a special numeric value `Infinity`:
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alert(window.gVar); // 5 (became a property of the global object)
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```
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The same effect have function declarations (statements with `function` keyword in the main code flow, not function expressions).
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Function declarations have the same effect (statements with `function` keyword in the main code flow, not function expressions).
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Please don't rely on that! This behavior exists for compatibility reasons. Modern scripts use [JavaScript modules](info:modules) where such a thing doesn't happen.
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```
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1.`<span slot="title">` goes into `<slot name="title">`.
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2. There are many `<li slot="item">` in the template, but only one `<slot name="item">` in the template. So all such `<li slot="item">` are appended to `<slot name="item">` one after another, thus forming the list.
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2. There are many `<li slot="item">` in the `<custom-menu>`, but only one `<slot name="item">` in the template. So all such `<li slot="item">` are appended to `<slot name="item">` one after another, thus forming the list.
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